DMK
తమిళనాట అన్నగా పిలిచే సి.ఎన్. అన్నాదురై (కంజీవరం నటరాజన్) నాటక రచయిత.
సినీ మాధ్యమాన్ని రాజకీయప్రచారానికి వాడుకోవడం ఆయనతోనే మొదలైంది.
ద్రవిడ కళగం(డీకే) కీలక వ్యక్తులలో ఆయన ఒకరు. తర్వాత కాలంలో పెరియార్ (ఈవీ రామస్వామి)తో విభేదాలు రావడంతో ద్రవిడ కళగం నుంచి బయటకొచ్చారు.
డీఎంకే (ద్రవిడ మున్నేట్ర కళగం) పేరుతో 1949లో పార్టీని స్థాపించారు. తర్వాత కాలంలో కరుణానిధి, ఎంజీఆర్ ఈ పార్టీలో కీలక నేతలుగా ఎదిగారు.
డీఎంకేలో వారసత్వ పోరు మొదలవడంతో పార్టీలో విభేదాలు వచ్చాయి. పార్టీలో కీలక నేతగా ఎదిగిన ఎంజీ రామచంద్రన్కు సినీనటుడుగా అభిమాన బలం ఉంది.
దీంతో ఆయన పార్టీ నుంచి బయటకొచ్చి17 అక్టోబర్ 1972లో ఆలిండియా ద్రవిడ మున్నేట్ర కళగం (ఏఐడీఎంకే) ను స్థాపించారు. దీన్నే అన్నా డీఎంకే అనీ అంటారు.
1977లో పార్టీని అధికారంలోకి తీసుకొచ్చారు. ఆయన మృతి తర్వాత పార్టీలో విభేదాలు తలెత్తాయి.
సినీనటిగా రాణించి అప్పటికే పార్టీలో మంచి గుర్తింపు పొందిన జయలలిత చేతుల్లోకి పార్టీ వెళ్లింది. 1989 నుంచి 2016లో చనిపోయేవరకు ఆమె పార్టీని నడిపించారు.
తమిళనాట ఏఐడీఎంకే అత్యధికంగా ఏడుసార్లు అధికారంలోకి వచ్చింది.
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) (transl. Dravidian Progressive Federation) is a political party in India, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu and union territory of Puducherry. It is currently the Opposition party in Tamil Nadu and is part of the Indian political front the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). DMK is a Dravidian party, adhering to the social democratic and social justice principles of C. N. Annadurai and Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. It was founded in 1949 by Annadurai as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam (known as Justice Party until 1944) headed by Periyar E.V.Ramasamy.
DMK was headed by Annadurai (as Secretary general) from 1949 until his death on 3 February 1969. He also served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967, DMK became the first party, other than the Indian National Congress, to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. M. Karunanidhi followed Annadurai as the first President of DMK from 1969 until his own death on 7 August 2018. He also served as Chief Minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Central government. At present, the DMK is led by Karunanidhi's son M. K. Stalin, who served as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from 2009 to 2011. Stalin was elected as the party's Executive Leader in 2017 and then was unanimously elected as Party President by the general body of DMK in 2018, after Karunanidi's death.
Following the 2019 general election, DMK emerged as the third largest party in the Lok Sabha with 24 seats.
The head office of the party is called Anna Arivalayam, and is located at Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
Origins and foundation
The party was derived from parent parties:
- Justice Party (South Indian Liberal Federation)
- Dravidar Kazhagam
- Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Justice Party
DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) founded by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar in 1916, in the presence of P. Thyagaraya Chetty, Dr P.T. Rajan, Dr T. M. Nair, Dr Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar and a few others in Victoria Public Hall Madras Presidency. The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the Madras Presidency in 1920.Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organisation to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian Movement.
E. V. Ramasami (Periyar), a popular Tamil reformist leader of the time, had joined Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered the Brahminic leadership of the party. Periyar's experience at the Vaikom Satyagraha made him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and "anti-Brahministic". He quit Congress and in 1935, he joined the Justice Party.
In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.
Dravidar KazhagamEdit
In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagham' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference. Dravidar Kazhagam, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under Madras Presidency.
The party at its inception retained the flag of the South Indian Liberal Federation which had a picture of a traditional type of balance signifying the idea of equality. Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on Dravidians, and to denote this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the movement for upliftment.
It opposed Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance, and aimed to form a separate country of Dravida Nadu, to include either all of South India or the predominantly Tamil-speaking regions.
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagham, after an aged Periyar married a young woman Maniammai and appointed his young wife to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders. Until then E. V. K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered his political heir.
- C N.Annadurai (on 17 September 1949 along with)
- E. V. K. Sampath
- V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
- K. A. Mathiazhagan
- N. V. Natarajan, later in 1950s known as Aimberum Thalaivargal (after mummunai poorattum) (Great Five Leaders)
along with M. Karunanidhi then an emerging screenwriter and thousands of others in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the DMK. The name of the party (DMK) was announced by Kudanthai Perunthagai. K. K. Neelamegam.
The Dravidian philosophy culminated both politically and socially with DMK at the helm of administration, the first ever sub-altern movement in the history of sub-continent politics to have political representation from erstwhile lower-classes, a marked move from generations of civic administration from upper class citizenry. This had deep societal impact which resulted in increased political participation, aided the representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and thus strengthened pluralist democracy. The movement, in social media circles, is popularly known as Robinson Park Effect.
After split from Dravidar Kazhagam
C.N. Annadurai's era (1949–1969)
In the 1950s DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies along with the secessionist demand for Dravida Nadu. On 28 January 1956, Annadurai along with Periyar and Rajaji signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.On 21 September 1957 the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi Day".On 31 July 1960, another open air anti-Hindi conference was held at Kodambakkam, Madras.In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. But the anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963.The DMK's view on Hindi's qualifications for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."
First election
DMK entered the electoral fray in the 1957 State Assembly elections with M Karunanidhi winning the Kulithalai constituency while other seniors members like V. R. Nedunchezhiyan losing from Salem. In 1962 another prominent actor S.S.Rajendran ("SSR") contested in Theni, legislative assembly election, against the then popular congress leader N. R. Theagarajan and won the seat.
Formation of State Government
In 1967, DMK came to power in Madras province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in Madras province which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras state that a single non-Congress party majority was achieved.The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the Opposition votes. Rajagopalachari, a former senior leader of the Congress party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing Swatantra Party. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress. At that time, his cabinet was the youngest in the country.
Self-respect marriages act
Annadurai legalised self-respect marriages for the first time in the country. Such marriages were void of priests to preside over the ceremony and thus did not need a Brahmin to carry out the wedding. Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which often caused great debt through dowry. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages.Annadurai was also the first to use subsidising of the price of rice for election victory. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidising rice costs are still used as an election promise in Tamil Nadu.
Madras State to Tamil Nadu (14 January 1969)
It was Annadurai's government that renamed the Madras State to its present-day form declaring officially as Tamil Nadu. The name change itself was first presented in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament of India by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated. With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the states.
Two language policy (1967)
Anna was instrumental in organising the World Tamil Conference under the aegis of UNESCO in 1967. Another major achievement of Annadurai's government was to introduce a two language policy over the then popular three language formula. The three language formula, which was implemented in the neighbouring states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, entitled students to study three languages: the regional language, English and Hindi.
World Tamil conference (1967)
It was during the period of his Chief Ministership that the Second World Conference was conducted on a grand scale on 3 January 1968.Nevertheless, when a commemorative stamp was released to mark the Tamil conference, Annadurai expressed his dissatisfaction that the stamp contained Hindi when it was for Tamil. Annadurai also issued an order for the removal of the pictures of gods and religious symbols from public offices and buildings.
Karunanidhi's era (1969–2018)
DMK was headed by M. Karunanidhi from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.[10] He also served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu five terms.
DMK statewide conference held in Trichy where five slogans were released at the conference. Those are:
- The party always follows the footsteps of Annadurai,
- An egalitarian society will be formed,
- Forever, the party opposes the imposition of Hindi,
- Poverty will be overcome through a peaceful manner,
- Autonomy for state governments and Union government by coalition
M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) who was a popular actor and the then party treasurer, the political feud between MGR and the party president Karunanidhi emerged as an aftermath of the latter calling himself "Mujib of Tamil Nadu". In 1972, MGR called for a boycott of the party's General Council. With the crisis falling into call for corruption probe by MGR where he was a treasurer, he was eventually suspended from the General Council by the high power committee of DMK. Thus emerged a new party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).
Karunanidhi became an MLA 13 times, five times chief minister and one time member of council in Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.
Kalaignar fought for the right of CM's to hoist the National Flag in a State
Karunanidhi secured right for chief ministers to unfurl Tricolour on Independence Day in 1974, he became first Tamil CM to do so. Karunanidhi secured a precious right for all the Chief Ministers from Indira Gandhi.
Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency
- In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to MGR's AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state till 1989. After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in 1989 State assembly elections and Karunanidhi took over as chief minister in January 1989.
- in the 1991 election was held on the backdrop of DMK government dissolved within 2 years of formation due to pressure from Rajiv gandhi, in the same year Rajiv was killed by Human bomb during election campaign. Due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid way by Rajiv, people's presumption was against DMK and the sympathy wave in favour of AIADMK–Congress alliance and the DMK was deprived of any seats in the Parliament.
- In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against J.Jayalalithaa and the alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar and supported by cine actor Rajinikanth. However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
- In the 2004 parliamentary elections, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand Victory, the alliance winning all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enabled 7 ministerial posts in the Central government and influential power to DMK.
- Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK for the first time formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 parliamentary elections.
- In the 2011 Assembly elections, held in the wake of the 2G case and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
- In the 2014 Lok Sabha election DMK failed to win any seats; however, by vote percentage it was second only to AIADMK.
- The 2016 state assembly elections gave DMK 89 MLAs. This was the most number for an opposition party in the history of Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.
M. K. Stalin era (2018–present)
Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, M. K. Stalin. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when Karunanidhi's health started declining, and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception. On 3 February 2020, M. K. Stalin announced that Prashant Kishor was signed up as a party strategist for the upcoming 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.
తమిళంలోని 3 వ ముఖ్యమంత్రి, డిఎంకే చీఫ్ ఎం. కరుణానిధి మూడవ కుమారుడు, తన రెండవ భార్య దయాళు అమ్మాళ్కి జన్మించారు. స్టాలిన్ మద్రాస్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో చెన్నైలోని న్యూ కాలేజీ నుండి చరిత్రలో తన గ్రాడ్యుయేషన్ పూర్తి చేశారు. 2006 అసెంబ్లీ ఎన్నికల తరువాత తమిళనాడు ప్రభుత్వంలో గ్రామీణాభివృద్ధి శాఖ, స్థానిక పరిపాలన మంత్రిగా స్టాలిన్ అయ్యారు. 2009 మే 29 న, స్టాలిన్ గవర్నర్ సుర్జిత్ సింగ్ బర్నాలా చేత తమిళనాడు డిప్యూటీ ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా నామినేట్ అయ్యాడు.
2013 జనవరి 3 న కరుణానిధి స్టాలిన్ను తన వారసుడిగా పేర్కొన్నారు. కరుణానిధి మరణం తర్వాత పార్టీ అధికారాలను ఎవరు తీసుకుంటున్నారనే దాని గురించి గందరగోళానికి గురయ్యారు.[2] డిఎంకే వర్కింగ్ ప్రెసిడెంట్గా 2017 జనవరి 4 న స్టాలిన్ నియమించబడ్డారు.
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